Table 1 Parameters used in the Monte Carlo simulations

N

3,…,10

k _v

1

k _ω

1

ρ _v

v _max

W

[10,100]

x _i (0)

[0,W]

y _i (0)

[0,W]

θ _i (0)

[0,2π)

d _c

$\sqrt{W^2/N}$

v _max

[0.9,1.1]

ω _max

[5,6]

ω _s

(2v_max,3]

ω _f

(ω _s +3,ω_max]

$\bar{\omega }$

(2v_max,3]

k _s

[0.4,0.5]

k _f

[0.8,1.0]